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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transcript (education)</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Marksheet" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="Marksheet_(film)" title="Marksheet (film)">Marksheet (film)</a>.</div>

<p>In <a href="Education" title="Education">education</a>, a <b>transcript</b> is a certified record (inventory) of a student throughout a course of study having full enrollment history including all courses (or subjects) attempted, grades earned and degrees and awards conferred.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h2></div>

<p>A transcript is sometimes referred to as a <b>marksheet</b>, <b>marklist</b> or <b><a href="Report_card" title="Report card">report card</a></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the United States, a transcript is also called <b>Cumulative Record File</b> (<b>CRF</b>), <b>permanent record</b>, or simply <b>record</b>.

</p><p>In the European <a href="European_Credit_Transfer_and_Accumulation_System" title="European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System">ECTS system</a>, transcripts are called <b>Transcript of Records</b> (<b>ToR</b>).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2></div>

<p>In United States <a href="Education" title="Education">education</a>, a transcript is a copy of a <a href="Student" title="Student">student</a>'s permanent academic record, which usually means all <a href="Course_(education)" title="Course (education)">courses</a> taken, all <a href="Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">grades</a> received, all <a href="Latin_honors" title="Latin honors">honors</a> received and <a href="Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degrees</a> conferred to a student from the first day of school to the current school year for <a href="High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a>, <a href="College" title="College">college</a> and <a href="University" title="University">university</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A transcript may also contain the student’s rank in class and the accreditation of the institution issuing the transcript.

</p><p>An official transcript is prepared and sent by the issuing school usually by the <a href="Registrar_(education)" title="Registrar (education)">registrar</a> with an original signature of a school official on the school letterhead and is sealed by the school. When students change schools, or seek admission to a college or university, the official transcript is usually mailed from school to school. Official transcripts can also be issued electronically through approved secure sites such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studentclearinghouse.org/">National Student Clearinghouse</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parchment.com/">Parchment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transcripts usually consist of grades 9-12 when applying to college.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holding_transcripts">Holding transcripts</h3></div>

<p>Colleges and universities which believe that they are owed money by a former student may "hold" the student's transcript until they are paid. This may mean that former student cannot resume their education elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many colleges and universities will not allow a prospective student until receiving communication (in the form of a physical stamp or seal) that the prior school is satisfied with its debt collection.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the college or university discovers that an applicant lied on their college application, the college can rescind the offer of admission, can revoke the student's degree, if completed, and refuse the release of that student's transcripts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_aspects">Legal aspects</h3></div>

<p>In the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, release of information from an official transcript without consent to a third party is prohibited by the <a href="Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974</a>. <a href="#Transcript_fraud">Alteration of a transcript</a> is considered a <a href="Felony#United_States" title="Felony">felony</a> in most states.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Union">European Union</h2></div>

<p>In the European <a href="European_Credit_Transfer_and_Accumulation_System" title="European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System">ECTS system</a>, a Transcript of Records (ToR) is used to document the performance of a student over a certain period of time by listing the course units or modules taken, the credits gained, and the grades awarded. The Transcript of Records provides a standard format for recording all study activities carried out by students. It is an essential tool for academic recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-ECTS_guide_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECTS_guide-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Transcript of Records and <a href="Diploma_Supplement" title="Diploma Supplement">Diploma Supplements</a> are a fairly recent development in most European countries. Students who obtained academic degrees in Europe prior to the <a href="Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a> of 1999 typically will not have received transcripts or diploma supplements and they cannot be produced retroactively for these students. Even today there are still European universities that are not ready to issue Transcripts or <a href="Diploma_Supplement" title="Diploma Supplement">Diploma Supplements</a>. Unlike in the US, there does not typically exist in Europe a system of schools directly mailing transcripts to other schools, something that also would be problematic in view of European privacy laws.

</p><p>The ECTS Transcript of Records, created as part of the <a href="Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a>, preferably includes, along with the local grades, the ECTS grades of the student. It is used for mobile students at two separate moments. First, it must be issued and sent to the host institution by the home institution for all outgoing students before their departure in order to provide information about the course units/modules that they already have completed and the results obtained. Secondly it must be issued and sent by the host institution to the home institution for all incoming students at the end of their period of study.<sup id="cite_ref-ECTS_guide_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECTS_guide-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ECTS_Key_features_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECTS_Key_features-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcript_fraud">Transcript fraud</h2></div>

<p>Transcript fraud is the alteration of a transcript issued by a legitimate school or university or the forgery of completely fake transcripts and is considered a felony. Transcript <a href="Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> is a growing problem for both educational institutions and employers. This is related to <a href="Diploma" title="Diploma">diploma</a> fraud, which is the forgery of school or university diplomas.

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<ul><li><a href="Diploma_Supplement" title="Diploma Supplement">Diploma Supplement</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFHaripriya" class="citation web cs1">Haripriya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edvoy.com/articles/what-are-academic-transcripts/#common-names-given-for-an-academic-transcript">"What Are Academic Transcripts? Everything You Need to Know for Admissions Success"</a>. <i>Edvoy.com</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extension.harvard.edu/exams-grades-policies/transcripts">"Transcripts"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/registrar/general/frequently-asked-questions/students-transcripts/unofficial-vs-official-transcript#:~:text=Official%20transcripts%20are%20issued%20in,from%20the%20Student%20Information%20System.">"Unofficial vs. Official Transcript"</a>. <i>Case Western Reserve University</i>. 24 November 2021.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSwidey2016" class="citation news cs1">Swidey, Neil (June 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2016/06/17/one-simple-way-colleges-should-help-students-debt-right-now/koN0t1ccYhgA3qSYJBpFqK/story.html">"Boston Globe: Colleges must stop holding student transcripts hostage"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLindorff2012" class="citation news cs1">Lindorff, Dave (May 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2012-may-02-la-oe-lindorff-student-loan-default-20120502-story.html">"LA Times: Holding Student Transcripts Hostage"</a>. <i>The Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFry2019" class="citation news cs1">Fry, Hannah (19 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-usc-cheating-scandal-holds-20190319-story.html">"USC places hold on student accounts of those linked to college admissions scandal"</a>. <i>LA Times</i>.</cite></span>

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<a href="Directorate-General_for_Education_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Education and Culture">Directorate-General for Education and Culture</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/education/programmes/socrates/ects/doc/guide_en.pdf">ECTS Users' Guide</a>. <a href="European_Credit_Transfer_and_Accumulation_System" title="European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System">European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System</a> and the <a href="Diploma_Supplement" title="Diploma Supplement">Diploma Supplement</a>, Brussels, 2005, p. 26;</span>

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<a href="Directorate-General_for_Education_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate-General for Education and Culture">Directorate-General for Education and Culture</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/education/programmes/socrates/ects/index_en.html#8">What are the key documents of ECTS?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130918053810/http://ec.europa.eu/education/programmes/socrates/ects/index_en.html#8">Archived</a> 2013-09-18 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.registrar.ualberta.ca/ro.cfm?id=190">University of Alberta: What is a transcript?</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Transcript_(education)&oldid=1276159781">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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